Suicide is a tragedy that sadly leaves everyone behind wondering what we could have done differently, how it could have been prevented, or just what went wrong.
The survivors who cared for the loved one, friend, or colleague often anguish over what could have been done.
Our effectiveness in preventing suicide ultimately depends on more fully understanding how and why suicide occurs. The stigma of suicide prevents us from knowing more about this illness, which took the lives of more than 50,000 Americans in 2023. Suicide is the
11th leading cause of death in the United States. Nearly a half-million people are treated annually in emergency departments for self-inflicted wounds. The economic cost is $44 billion in combined medical and work loss costs, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Sharing information will help us all better understand the problem and the possibilities for prevention.
There are warning signs—including a person talking about killing themselves, having no reason to live, being a burden to others, feeling trapped, or having unbearable pain. If a person’s behavior changes (particularly if it is related to a painful event or loss) we should take note. Increased use of drugs or alcohol, or acting recklessly in other ways, are obvious risk behaviors. Other strong clues include withdrawing from activities, isolation from family and friends, sleeping too much or too little, visiting or calling people to say goodbye, giving away prized possessions, and sudden aggression.
Of course, those around friends, colleagues, or family members who are at risk are also very busy with their own lives, have their own set of concerns, and do not have suicide warning signs high on their radar. Thus, most times, the warning signs are much more obvious after the fact, as we all wonder what we could have done differently or how we could have been more observant.
Mental disorders increase the potential for self-harm. Major depression, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, and personality disorders occur in 90% or more at the time of death, according to one study. However, one-third of people who have died did not communicate their suicide intent to anyone.
A previous suicide attempt has occurred in 20% of those who take their own lives. Older males and a family history of suicide are classic risk factors. There is much conversation today about bullying, which has become a problem in the school-aged population and may be associated with self-harm.
In America,
more than half of suicides involve firearms, which is the most common method of self-harm. Gun violence and the responsible use of firearms remain an important discussion for America as we try not to infringe on personal rights while we remain safe.
The purpose of this short review is to raise awareness among lay people to recognize possible symptoms in those they are close to so that we can give and receive support to prevent this tragedy. Avoidance of the topic, shame, and not understanding, all stand in the way of our preventing people from harming themselves. Having close bonds with friends and family are two of the nine important principles of Blue Zones Project communities where more people thrive.